Background Information
Lake Superior is the largest and deepest of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, measuring 31,700 square miles. It is located between Ontario, Canada and the US states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. The name of the lake comes from an Ojibwe word meaning “greatwater.” It is often referred to as the Lake of the Woods by the local Anishinaabe people.
Geography of Lake Superior
Lake Superior has a shoreline of more than 1,200 miles and covers an area of about 31,700 square miles. It is located in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin, between Ontario, Canada and the US states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan. It is the northernmost and smallest of the five large lakes in the region. The lake’s average depth is around 500 feet and the deepest spot is 1,335 feet.
Elevation of Lake Superior
The average elevation of Lake Superior is 600 feet above sea level; however, its surface level can fluctuate depending on changes in precipitation or runoff. The lake’s elevation has remained relatively stable over the past few decades. It is the highest of the five Great Lakes, with a maximum elevation of 602 feet and a minimum elevation of 583 feet. The lake is subject to intense storms that can cause significant storm surges up to several feet, leading to fluctuating water levels.
Effects of Elevation on the Food Chain
The lake’s elevation has an effect on the whole food chain of the lake: from the water level, to the type of organisms living in the lake, to the size of the fish populations. A higher lake level means more water, which enables a larger number of fish species to survive. Higher lake levels also mean more available nutrients, and therefore the possibility of a greater variety of fish species, as well as larger sizes of fish.
Human Influence on Lake Superior
Humans have had an impact on the lake for many years, both through pollution and extraction of water. Pollution from industries and municipalities can lead to fish die-offs or contamination of water sources. The Great Lakes, including Lake Superior, are also under threat from climate change. Higher temperatures mean less ice, leading to higher water levels, greater influx of nutrients, and changes in the food chain.
Environmental Impact of Lake Superior
The lake’s environment is highly susceptible to changes in water levels, storms, and runoff. Human activities such as urban and agricultural runoff, logging, and sewage dumping can lead to eutrophication, or an overabundance of nutrients in the lake. This can lead to algal blooms that reduce light and oxygen levels, preventing certain species from thriving.
Preserving Lake Superior
As one of the world’s largest freshwater lakes, it is important to preserve Lake Superior for future generations. Conservation efforts focus on reducing pollution, restoring fish populations, and protecting the lake’s ecosystem. This includes policies such as the Great Lakes Compact, which works to protect the water quality of the Great Lakes from extraction, diversion, and pollution.
Natural Hazards of Lake Superior
Lake Superior is subject to numerous natural hazards, such as extreme storms, floods, and landslides. High winds can lead to powerful waves and rip currents that can be dangerous to people and boats. These storms can also cause significant damage to the coastline and infrastructure along the lake.
Aquatic Life of Lake Superior
Lake Superior is home to over 70 species of fish and other aquatic life. These include walleye, lake trout, white and yellow perch, northern pike, and smallmouth bass. The lake also harbors unique species such as the Lake Superior whitefish, lake sturgeon, sculpin, and deepwater sculpin. These fish provide an important source of food for the human population and also attract anglers from around the world.
Recreation on Lake Superior
Lake Superior is a major destination for freshwater recreation, including fishing, swimming, canoeing, kayaking, sailing, and boating. The lake is also popular for its scenic views, beaches, and trails, making it a popular tourist destination. It is also home to numerous cruise boats and ferries that connect cities and islands on the lake.
Climate of Lake Superior
The lake has a moderate climate, with temperatures ranging from minus 18 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter to over 82 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer. The lake also experiences significant snowfall and rain throughout the year, with an average of over two feet of snow in the winter months.
Economic Impact of Lake Superior
Lake Superior is a major economic driver for the region and provides numerous benefits, including jobs, infrastructure, tourism, and recreation. The lake is a major source of hydroelectric power for both the US and Canada. It also serves as a transportation route for shipping operations, connecting the Great Lakes to domestic, international, and coastal waterways.
Conclusion
Lake Superior is an important natural resource, providing economic benefits, transportation, fishing, recreation, and scenic beauty to both Canada and the US. Its elevation of 600 feet above sea level provides the perfect environment for numerous species of fish, aquatic plants, and other wildlife. Conservation efforts are in place to protect the lake and its natural beauty, ensuring that it remains a vibrant source of life and recreation for generations to come.
